Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. But when Eddie is late the next day, he blames it on heavy traffic. In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. An internet resource developed by Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study Patrick is very proud of his Irish heritage and thinks of himself as an Irish American. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. The hour which the S spent working on the repetitive, monotonous tasks was intended to provide, for each S uniformly, an experience about which he would have a somewhat negative opinion. Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior Twenty Dollar condition. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The stronger the S's positive statements about the tasks, and the more ways in which he said they were interesting and enjoyable, the higher the rating. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. 0000000015 00000 n New York Times, p.C1. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. endobj The results strongly corroborate the theory that was tested. (p.47) Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. endobj You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. Therefore, this appears to support Festinger's notion of cognitive dissonance as a "motivational state of affairs" (Festinger, 1962), and greatly contrasts to self-perception theory, which is defined as an individual's ability to respond differentially to his own behaviour and its controlling variables, and is a product of social interaction . Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Control condition. /E 95019 The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task . Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? Eddie has made the _________. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Flashcards | Quizlet Festinger, L. (1957). correct. Hum. The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. New York: Harper & Row. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. From this point on they diverged somewhat. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. %PDF-1.5 Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. June 22, 2015 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. xref The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. (The secretary had left the office.) %PDF-1.7 % In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. Which of the following statements is TRUE? At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. 2. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. experiment. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. & KING, B.T. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. startxref Cognitive Dissonance Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo Certainly, the more interesting and enjoyable they felt the tasks were, the greater would be their desire to participate in a similar experiment. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. 0000000868 00000 n One other point before we proceed to examine the data. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. Add to folder /ImageB Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. 5. The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. << 4. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. 112 A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. $K{.-hC ;{l8S In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. 47 14 enjoyable than the others would. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted endstream & JANIS, I.L. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Rating scale 0 to 10. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ Alex was most likely engaging in________. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. Scott, W. A. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. 0000010660 00000 n "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. How do we explain this? Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. (Boulding, 1969) endobj Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. I hope you did enjoy it. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Harry's belief is based on. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? This is most like which of the following techniques? He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. This is an example of_______ cause. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? . PDF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - University of Arizona Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. 3. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. endobj Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. 0 What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. As long as people are not paid a lot of money or given some other obvious inducement to perform the behavior, they will convince themselves it is enjoyable. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? endobj Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. One Dollar condition. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. It shows people will do anything to fit in with the group. e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). Leon Festinger and his colleague James To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? On the other hand, the people who were paid $20 had the monetary reason to lie. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale.